Ferromanganese crusts dating

How is ferromanganese produced in the world?

The majority of producers of ferromanganese in the world use submerged arc electric furnaces. Although electric furnaces have lower capacities than blast furnaces they have the advantage that the heat requirement is provided by electricity, and coke and coal are added to the feed only as reductants.

What are ferromanganese nodules?

Ferromanganese nodules occurring on ocean floors contain valuable metals such as copper, nickel, and cobalt. Biological involvement in its formation was suggested as early as 1920s. Many heterotrophic organisms are active on the nodules.

What are the components of ferromanganese hydroxide?

There are four distinct components: F1 (ferromanganese hydroxide co-precipitates: Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, V, B, P, and partially Co), F2 (aluminosilicates: Al, Ti, Mg, Na, K, Sc, and partially Co), negative F1 (biogenic and hydrothermal silica and barite: Si, Ba, and Li), and F3 (REE and Y, and partially scandium).

How is high carbon ferromanganese made?

High carbon ferromanganese is commercially produced by the carbothermic reduction of manganese ores, primarily in electric submerged arc furnaces. The produced metal typically contains around 72% to 82% Mn and 7% C (see Table 7.5 ), and the slag contains around 40% MnO (duplex process).

How are oxides converted into ferromanganese?

The oxides undergo carbothermal reduction in the furnaces, producing the ferromanganese. Ferromanganese is used as a deoxidizer for steel .

Is ferromanganese added to blast furnace steel?

In the… Ferromanganese is also added, since most of the manganese content of the blast-furnace iron is oxidized during the blow, leaving only about 0.1 percent in the steel—usually not enough to meet specifications.